Appendix: International Phonetic Alphabet
From open-dictionary.com - the free dictionary.
Consonants (Pulmonic)
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| Bilabial
| Labiodental
| Dental
| Alveolar
| Postalveolar
| Retroflex
| Palatal
| Velar
| Uvular
| Pharyngeal
| Glottal
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| Plosive
| p b
| p̪ b̪
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| t d
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| ʈ ɖ
| c ɟ
| k g
| q ɢ
|
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| ʔ
|
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- Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.
- Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Consonants (Non-pulmonic)
| Clicks | Voiced implosives | Ejectives
|
| ʘ | Bilabial click | ɓ | Bilabial voiced implosive | ʼ | For example:
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| ǀ | Dental click | ɗ | Dental/alveolar voiced implosive | pʼ | Bilabial ejective
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| ǃ | (Post)alveolar click | ʄ | Palatal voiced implosive | tʼ | Dental/alveolar ejective
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| ǂ | Palatoalveolar click | ɠ | Velar voiced implosive | kʼ | Velar ejective
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| ǁ | Alveolar lateral click | ʛ | Uvular voiced implosive | sʼ | Alveolar fricative ejective
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Vowels
- Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel
Other Symbols
| ʍ | Voiceless labial-velar fricative
|
| w | Voiced labial-velar approximant
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| ɥ | Voiced labial-palatal approximant
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| ʜ | Voiceless epiglottal fricative
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| ʢ | Voiced epiglottal fricative
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| ʡ | Epiglottal plosive
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| ɕ ʑ | Alveolo-palatal fricatives
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| ɺ | Alveolar lateral flap
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| ɧ | Simultaneous ʃ and x
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- Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary
k͡p t͡s
Suprasegmentals
| ˈ | Primary stress
|
| ˌ | Secondary stress
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| ː | Long
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| ˑ | Half-long
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| ˘ | Extra-short
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| . | Syllable break
|
| | | Minor (foot) group
|
| ‖ | Major (intonation) group
|
| ‿ | Linking (absence of a break)
|
Tones & Word Accents
Diacritics
Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊
| ̥ | Voiceless | ̤ | Breathy voiced | ̪ | Dental
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| ̬ | Voiced | ̰ | Creaky voiced | ̺ | Apical
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| ʰ | Aspirated | ̼ | Linguolabial | ̻ | Laminal
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| ˒ | More rounded | ʷ | Labialized | ̃ | Nasalized
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| ˓ | Less rounded | ʲ | Palatalized | ⁿ | Nasal release
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| ˖ | Advanced | ˠ | Velarized | ˡ | Lateral release
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| ˗ | Retracted | ˁ | Pharyngealized | ̚ | No audible release
|
| ̈ | Centralized | ̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized
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| ̽ | Mid-centralized | ̝ | Raised (ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative)
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| ˌ | Syllabic | ̞ | Lowered (β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant)
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| ̯ | Non-syllabic | ̘ | Advanced Tongue Root
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| ˞ | Rhoticity | ̙ | Retracted Tongue Root
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| ͍ | Labial Spreading | ͈ | Strong Articulation | ͊ | Denasal
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| ͆ | Dentolabial | ͉ | Weak Articulation | "b; | Nasal Escape
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| ̪͆ | Interdental/Bidental | | Reiterated Articulation | ͌ | Velopharyngeal Friction
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| ̳ | Alveolar | ͎ | Whistled Articulation | ↓ | Ingressive Airflow
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| ̼ | Linguolabial | ͢ | Sliding Articulation | ↑ | Egressive Airflow
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